Renewable Energy Integration – Exploring how renewables are connected to the network, how these connections affect grid operation, and the impact of high penetration of renewable objects for future power grids.
Generating electricity using renewable energy sources (such as solar, wind, geothermal and hydropower) rather than fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) reduces greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector and helps solve Climate change. While regeneration is good for fossil fuel generators from the point of view of emitting energy from renewable sources, it depends on volatile natural resources, which makes these plants more difficult to manage and present problems. Challenges for power grid operators.
Renewable Energy Integration
In order to balance the power supply and demand on the grid properly, the grid operator must know how much renewable energy is being generated at any given time, and how renewable energy production is expected. To generation change. All of this information can be difficult for grid operators to know due to the transient nature of renewable energy and the wide variety of sizes and locations of renewable energy resources across the grid. As the proportion of renewable energy capacity on the grid increases, these issues become more important to understand. This illustrator explores how renewable connections are made to the network, how these connections affect grid operation, and the impact of high penetration of renewable material for future power grids.
Renewable Energy Integration: Practical Management Of Variability, Uncertainty, And Flexibility In Power Grids: Jones, Lawrence E.: 9780128095928: Amazon.com: Books
This explainer often refers to the work of the electrical network. To find out how grids work and to find definitions of some common terms, read “Electric 101: Terms and Definitions.”
This illustrator is part of the Future Series of Power Explainer Series, which describes the basics of the electricity market and principles to show how electrical systems work today and how they can evolve into the future with effort. Decarbonization effort.
There are two main types of renewable energy resources: Distribution generation, which refers to micro-regeneration on a distribution network where electricity is served. And Medium-scale utility scale, referring to large projects connected to the grid through transmission lines.
Large-scale, renewable power plants are comparable to fossil fuel-fired power plants and can generate hundreds of megawatts (MW) of power. Like natural gas, coal and nuclear power plants, large renewable power plants produce power that is transmitted through low-voltage transmission lines and distributed through distribution lines to homes and commercial buildings.
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However, unlike conventional fossil fuels, renewable energy plants are usually not distributed (or able to generate energy on call) because they rely on variable resources such as the sun and wind that change over time. One day. However, when renewable energy is sourced, such as wind and sunlight, priority is given in the transmission sequence. Wind and solar cost zero fuel, so their production was used before any other type of generator because it was the cheapest source of energy available at the time. (To better understand how electricity generation is delivered, read “Electricity Market 101”).
At the other end of the spectrum, residential and commercial renewables typically range from 5 to 500 kW (kW). Most of the small, renewable sizes are solar panels that can be easily customized in size (for an analysis of the types of solar panels, see page 3 of this RMI documentation). These distributed resources, such as rooftop solar panels, are usually located on-site at home or business. Unlike large centralized renewable power plants that are connected to the grid through high voltage transmission lines, such distribution resources are connected to the grid through low voltage distribution lines, which are the same lines that supply electricity to customers.
Often these projects occur “behind the meter”, which means that electricity is generated for on-site use (such as a rooftop solar system that supplies power to households). These small distribution projects typically reduce the electricity demand at the source rather than increase the power supply on the grid. For example, when the sun is shining, a house with a solar panel on the roof may not need electricity from the mains, as its solar panels are generating enough electricity to meet the needs of the occupants.
Community-based regeneration, which is larger than the roof project but smaller than the utility scale, is also connected to the network through a distribution network and is therefore also considered a distribution generation. However, unlike renewables on small roofs, community-based renewable energy lives “in front of the meter”, meaning that the energy they generate is not used on the spot, but flows. Go to the distribution network to be used by homes and businesses in the surrounding area.
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Both mid-generation and distribution generation are beneficial and cost-effective for customers and network operators. From an economic point of view, medium-scale recycling equipment is cheaper than the resources distributed due to the economy of scale. As of November 2018, the threshold cost (net present value of the cost of a plant’s lifetime electricity generation) of solar panels on roofs is estimated to be 4.5 to 7 times more expensive. Per MWh related to solar energy.
In addition to being cheaper, centralized projects are always convenient for network operators to manage. Because distributed distributions are often small and behind meters, they can be very difficult to track from a grid operator perspective and can greatly complicate load predictions. Grid operators usually only know that these schemes exist because they significantly reduce customer demand for electricity during certain times of the day.
However, distributed recyclable objects can benefit networks that large projects cannot. Because power from the distribution generation is typically consumed on or near the site, the distributed energy resources can significantly reduce the energy loss that occurs when electricity is applied to the transmission lines and they One can avoid the cost of new transmission and distribution infrastructure (see NREL and Acadia Center). If they are connected to a micro-grid, renewable distribution can also provide greater resistance during storms that disrupt power lines by providing power, even if larger networks experience power outages.
Regardless of where the renewable energy is generated on the grid, it affects how network operators distribute resources in the same way. Most of the time, the grid will absorb all the electricity generated by renewable electricity because there is enough electricity demand. (During rare events, the production of renewable energy exceeds the electricity demand in a given area and production must be reduced. It may occur more often when the penetration or proportion of objects Renewable on the power grid, see here for more.) Therefore, the network operators only need to use other sources to differentiate between the amount of electricity required and the amount of electricity produced. Renewable on the power grid. This is known as the net load, which is equal to the difference between the projected load (the expected level of current required by the customer) and the production of all renewable energy on the system. Utilities are responsible for filling the net load and usually use conventional fossil fuel resources such as natural gas plants to do so. As a result, more renewable energy resources present on the grid, less electricity must be generated using conventional fossil fuel plants.
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However, as more recurrences are incorporated into the grid, its temporary nature can cause problems for grid operators regarding forecasting and meeting loads. The increasing proportion of renewable objects on the grid makes the weather increasingly important for net load forecasting. Because the climate can change rapidly and unpredictably, high renewable penetration requires grid operators to be flexible and react quickly to new conditions and production models. Failure to do so may result in power outages and blackouts.
Although the weather is predictable, grid operators face the problem of how quickly they respond to declining solar production at sunset, but electricity demand remains the same (or increases during peak afternoon).
This net load curve is from the California Independent System Operators (CAISO), a system with increased penetration of solar energy. As shown above, balancing the grid operation in this system requires a steep “path” or the rapid transfer of non-renewable network resources to meet the short-term power requirements. (Between 4 and 8 p.m.) While the sun is preparing to generate electricity from lost sunlight. This curve – often called the “duck curve” because the difference between the actual load and the net load looks like a duck body – indicates the difficulty of balancing and controlling the system with high penetration. Recurrence. This outline shows how more electricity comes from solar energy, the deeper the “belly” of the duck. Deeper bellies require a dramatic increase as the sun sets, which is often done using fossil fuels such as natural gas. It also increases the risk of reducing solar energy. As mentioned above, from time to time, power grid operators will have to reduce or reduce the output of certain renewable products during high production if there is not enough demand to use it, which can cause economic losses for the machine. Renewable fire and loss of clean energy. Products. As a result, adding solar power to the grid is less beneficial for both electricity and gas needs.
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